Development of a multifunctional electronic device for real-time monitoring and automatic control of greenhouse microclimate parameters

Abstract

This study presents the development of an intelligent IoT-based greenhouse microclimate monitoring and control system using ESP32 and PID algorithms. The proposed system automatically regulates temperature, humidity, CO₂ concentration, soil moisture, and illumination parameters through wireless cloud-based monitoring and adaptive actuator control. Experimental results demonstrated that the automated system reduced environmental parameter fluctuations by 85-92%, decreased electrical energy consumption by 34%, and reduced irrigation water consumption by 29% compared with conventional manual control methods. In addition, crop yield increased by 28% while improving product quality indicators. The developed architecture provides a low-cost, scalable, and energy-efficient solution for smart greenhouse automation and sustainable agricultural production.