Keywords
Microelectronic devices
Sustainable power
Piezoelectric generation
Thermoelectric materials
Self-powered systems
Abstract
The escalating demand for sustainable power sources in microelectronic devices has spurred significant research into energy harvesting techniques that convert ambient energy into electrical power. These approaches aim to reduce dependence on conventional batteries and enable autonomous operation of devices in remote or maintenance-challenging environments. This article explores a range of energy harvesting methods - including piezoelectric, thermoelectric, photovoltaic, radiofrequency, and biochemical techniques - highlighting their operational principles, integration challenges, and application domains. Emphasis is placed on material innovations, power management strategies, and the design constraints involved in embedding these technologies within compact, low-power systems. As microelectronics evolve toward higher efficiency and intelligence, the integration of energy harvesting emerges as a pivotal enabler for sustainable and self-powered electronic ecosystems.
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